![]() scaffold substrate stiffness tendon tissue engineering. Orthopaedics bone cartilage cell mechanics mechanotransduction. Furthermore, we discuss how this knowledge can be incorporated in scaffold design which may provide new opportunities in the context of orthopedic tissue engineering. For instance, adipose tissue and the brain are soft (0.2 1.0 kPa), skeletal muscle is intermediate (10 kPa), and bone is hard (30-45 kPa) tissue. This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of the scaffold stiffness in the regulation of cell behavior. In addition, the stiffness of a scaffold affects cell migration, which is important for the infiltration of host tissue cells. Recently, it has become clear that the stiffness of a scaffold is a highly potent regulator of stem cell differentiation. This platform should be conducive to blood vessel invasion, cell migration, proliferation, differentiation, and communication. The primary role of tissue engineering scaffolds is to provide a platform for cells involved in bone regeneration. In this respect, the effects of growth factors, scaffold surface characteristics, and external 'active' loading conditions on stem cell behavior have been investigated. The hypothesis of the present research is that by altering the substrate topography and/or stiffness to make it biomimetic, we can modulate cells behavior. At different microenvironmental matrix stiffnesses. A crucial issue in this approach is how to control stem cell behavior. In particular, the use of scaffolds enriched with stem cells appears to be a very promising strategy. To overcome the limitations associated with conventional surgical treatments, several tissue engineering approaches have been developed. Skeletal defects resulting from trauma, tumors, or abnormal development frequently require surgical treatment to restore normal tissue function. ![]()
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